Tea bags:- Ever wonder how climate researchers know what they know? 63 Degrees North, a podcast produced by the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) journeys to 69.5 degrees North to find the answer to that exact question.

The research site sits on a little plateau at the base of Iskoras mountain, a low peak in far northern Norway, outside of the town of Karasjok, about 1000 kilometers as the crow flies from Trondheim, and far above the Arctic Circle.

Getting to here from town requires an hour-long drive on rough dirt roads, and then another hour’s hike over a low ridge, to where the research site is found.

In early June, with site is quite windy and chilly. There aren’t a ton of trees, just stunted birches with wispy little leaves that are so small they look like they’re not sure they want to open up in the weak sun.

The area contains a weird bumpy depression filled with a crazy quilt of open water, grassy bits and little hillocks made out of peat. These little hills are called palsas, and inside there’s a core of ice.

Some of them are dry on the top and cracked open, wide open, like a crusty boil that has split.

And wandering around, out in this mix of freezing water, bottomless mud, and wet peat is a young man wearing a pair of chest waders. He’s carrying a trowel and a bag filled with tea bags.

Tea bags in the service of climate science

His name is Daniel Angulo Serrano.

And what kind of tea bags might these be?
"Lipton tea bags, green tea and rooibos exactly," he says.

And he’s burying these tea bags. Lots of them. But how many?

"One hundred more or less? Probably a little bit more," he explained on 63 Degrees North, the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU's) English language podcast.

Daniel is not testing new ways to brew tea. Instead, his efforts are part of a larger study where a team of researchers is trying to solve the riddle of how global warming is affecting this landscape — and how those changes in turn might amplify future warming.

Secrets in the permafrost

In the summer of 2022, Daniel and his colleagues — Anja Greschkowiak, a PhD candidate at NTNU; Lisa van Solt, then a master's student at Radboud University in the Netherlands; and Omar Granados, then a master's student at Utrecht University in the Netherlands — were working on an ambitious long-term climate research project headed by Hanna Lee, an associate professor at NTNU's Department of Biology.

"There's an idea that — and these are all hypotheses now — that when permafrost thaws, then there's going to be rapid increase in CO₂ and methane release," she said on the podcast episode.

Carbon dioxide, CO₂, mainly produced by burning fossil fuels, is the main greenhouse gas causing the planet to warm. But methane, which is produced by microbes digesting rotting plants and famously, burping cows, is 30 times more potent than CO₂ when it comes to warming the planet.

Trapping and measuring emissions

To figure out what is happening with CO₂ and other greenhouse gasses, the researchers need to find ways to trap and measure the emissions from the permafrost that is thawing now — which explains the crazy quilt of tubes, pipes, little greenhouse chambers and instruments that are all over the field site.

"I'm trying to quantify the importance of CO₂ and methane emissions and uptake…. from the thawing period, and then even beyond, many hundreds years of thawing permafrost," she said.

That matters because scientists need to know the amount of greenhouse gases that are being emitted by natural sources, in addition to manmade emissions, Lee said.

"If we end up finding out that, well, climate warming is actually emitting a lot of methane from thawing permafrost, then this means that we really have to cut down even more on our emissions. So that's why it's important to really understand the processes, what's driving these things," she said on the podcast.

To hear more about Hanna Lee's work on the tundra, and what those tea bags are all about, listen to the episode of 63 Degrees North.